同学们好，今天的解析是剑15的最后一套练习的PASSAGE3
这篇练习属于P3当中较简单的类型，主要是对阅读基本功的考察。
几个最常用到的阅读基本功- 并列关系，指代关系，转折关系。
整体分析
| 标题 | Environmental practices of big businesses |
| 题型 | 选词填空（27-31）、单选题（32-34，40）、判断题（35-39）、 |
| 难度 | ★★★☆☆ |
段落分析
三种题型都是顺序题，题型之间没有重叠，三种题型按顺序分部在不同段落，定位比较清晰。
原文背景是关于环境保护、企业责任、公众态度的论述性内容，生词难度较大。
对待这种文章不能强行阅读原文，更不能反复阅读，应该仔细审题，精确筛选原文的相关文字，通过同义替换来挑选正确答案词或选项。
|
选词填空 |
单选题 |
判断题 |
|
| 第一段 |
27，28，29，30，31 |
/ |
/ |
| 第二段 |
/ |
/ |
/ |
| 第三段 |
/ |
32 |
/ |
| 第四段 |
/ |
33 |
/ |
| 第五段 |
/ |
34 |
/ |
| 第六段 |
/ |
/ |
35，36 |
| 第七段 |
/ |
40 |
37，38，39 |
题目详解
Question 27（选词填空）
| 关键词 | Many big businesses today are prepared to harm people and the environment in order to make money, and they appear to have no __n.___ |
| 原文出处 | The environmental practices of big businesses are shaped by a fundamental fact that for many of us offends our sense of justice. Depending on the circumstances, a business may maximize the amount of money it makes, at least in the short term, by damaging the environment and hurting people. |
| 同义替换 | harm = hurt / damage no moral standards = offends our sense of justice |
| 此题重点 | 答案：D 1）此题的定位可以通过big business 和并列关系harm people and the environment 定位到原文的第一段前三行 2）选项填空题的难点在于答案多为同义替换，题目空格附近的意思是很多大公司看起来没有____，通过原文的offend out sense of justice(侵犯我们的正义感)能够找到D，很多大公司没有道德标准。 |
Question 28, 29（选词填空）
| 关键词 | Lack of 28__n.____by governments and lack of public 29__n.___ can lead to …… |
| 原文出处 | When government regulation is effective, and when the public is environmentally aware, environmentally clean big businesses may out-compete dirty ones, …… |
| 同义替换 | control = regulation involvement = aware |
| 此题重点 | 答案：28 E 29 F 此题题干问到缺乏政府的__和缺乏公众的__会导致环境的问题，通过政府和公众可以定位到相关原文，虽然原文的写法没有提到明确的”缺乏”，但原文上下文提到的当政府的调控有效率时，当公众有了环境上的意识时，对环境友好的大公司将会淘汰掉对环境不友好的公司，这个上下文与题干的意思是吻合的，因此答案是E和F |
Question 30, 31（选词填空）
| 关键词 | ……can lead to environmental problems such as 30__n.___ or the destruction of 31__n.___ |
| 原文出处 | That is still the case today for fishermen in an unmanaged fishery without quotas, and for international logging companies with short-term leases on tropical rainforest …… |
| 同义替换 | unmanaged fishery without quotas = overfishing logging companies with short-term…… = destruction of trees |
| 此题重点 | 答案：30 H 31 B 通过题干中的并列关系，可以找到原文关于环境破坏的例子在原文的第四行，通过fishermen和logging company的同义替换，能确定答案为H和B |
Question 32（单选题）
| 关键词 | The main idea of the third paragraph is that environmental damage |
| 原文出处 | In the long run, it is the public, either directly or through its politicians, that has the power to make such destructive policies unprofitable and illegal, and to make sustainable environmental policies profitable. |
| 同义替换 | public = ordinary people make destructive policies unprofitable and illegal = prevent environmental damage |
| 此题重点 | 答案：C 此题原文段落比较简短，观点句在最后一句话之中，通过public…has the power to make such (bad things) unprofitable, and make (good things) profitable 能够找到答案C， 普通人就能够采取一些行动防止环境被破坏 |
Question 33（单选题）
| 关键词 | In the fourth paragraph, the writer describes ways in which the public can |
| 原文出处 | 第四段整段 |
| 同义替换 | business = company policies = laws and regulations |
| 此题重点 | 答案：D 1）题干的重点是复数名词ways（公众能用哪些方式防止环境被破坏），因此在原文中重点定位并列结构或排比句。 2）公众采取的方式应该对应原文中每一个排比句的by之后的文字，by suing businesses(起诉公司)，by preferring to buy sustainably harvested products(偏爱购买可持续发展的农产品)，by making employees of companies with poor track records feel ashamed(令环境记录不佳的公司员工感到羞愧)，by preferring their governments to award valuable contracts to businesses with a good environmental track record(让政府提供优惠合同给有良好的环境保护记录的公司) ……, 这些文字都代表了D选项当中的influence the environmental policies of business and governments. 影响企业和政府在环境上的政策 |
Question 34（单选题）
| 关键词 | What pressure was exerted by big business in the case of the disease BSE? |
| 原文出处 | However, when a major fast-food company then made the same demands after customer purchases of its hamburgers plummeted, the meat industry complied with weeks. |
| 同义替换 | big business = major fast-food company follow the law = comply / obey |
| 此题重点 | 答案：B 1）题干问的是有一个大的企业施加的压力，因此在定位上首先要排除掉政府机构Food and Drug Administration，正确位置应该为a major fast-food company这一句 2）原文当中的 the same demands 指代的为前文的Food and Drug Administration introduced rules demanding that the meat industry abandon practices associated with the risk of the disease spreading. 要求肉类公司废除与扩散疾病有关的生产方式；在这个句子里，政府机构FDA提出要求时，肉类公司并不愿意遵守 3）the meat industry complied within weeks 这一句说的是当这个快餐企业做出要求时，肉类公司马上就遵守规定了，因此答案为B |
Question 35（判断题）
| 关键词 | The public should be prepared to fund good environmental practices. |
| 原文出处 | I also believe that the public must accept the necessity for higher prices for products to cover the added costs, if any, of sound environmental practices. |
| 同义替换 | fund = accept higher prices good = sound (adj.合理的，非常好的) |
| 此题重点 | 答案: YES 1）此题主要考察单词， sound做形容词可以同义替换good 2）很多同学可能会纠结must 和 should 之间的关系，我们看题目和原文都不应该断章取义，而应该看上下文的搭配，should be prepared to fund 应当做好付钱的准备 与 must accept the necessity for higher prices 必须接受要付更高加钱的可能性，这两者之间的意思是一致的。 |
Question 36（判断题）
| 关键词 | There is a contrast between the moral principles of different businesses. |
| 原文出处 | ……government regulation has arisen precisely because it was found that not only did moral principles need to be made explicit, they also needed to be enforced. |
| 同义替换 | 原词重现 |
| 此题重点 | 答案：NOT GIVEN 通过题目的moral principles 道德准则可以找到相关原文，不过，题目中提到了不同企业之间的道德准则是由对比的，原文仅仅提到了道德准则的信息，并无不同企业之间的对比，因此答案为NOT GIVEN |
Question 37（判断题）
| 关键词 | It is important to make a clear distinction between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour. |
| 原文出处 | To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behaviour of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. My conclusion is not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong, admirable or selfish, a good guy or a bad guy. |
| 同义替换 | acceptable behaviour = right / admirable / good guy unacceptable behaviour = wrong / selfish / bad guy |
| 此题重点 | 答案：NO 1）题目中的behaviour 定位到相关原文 2）题目中的acceptable 和 unacceptable 替换的是原文相关的正面和反面的相关单词 3）题目中说到”清晰的分辨好或者不好的行为是很重要的”，因此我们需要找到原文中表达态度和观点的文字，原文提到的是not a moralistic one about who is right or wrong…… , “并不是一种关于谁好谁坏的道德性的结论”，也就是说，这种好坏的分辨并不是很重要，答案选NO |
Question 38（判断题）
| 关键词 | The public have successfully influenced businesses in the past. |
| 原文出处 | In the past, businesses have changed when the public came to expect and require different behaviour, to reward businesses for behaviour that the public wanted, and to make things difficult for businesses practicing behaviour that the public didn’t want. |
| 同义替换 | successfully influenced business = businesses have changed |
| 此题重点 | 答案：YES 题目中说公众成功的影响了企业，原文中说到，当公众提出各种需求的时候，企业都做出了改变，因此答案是YES |
Question 39（判断题）
| 关键词 | In the future, businesses will show more concern for the environment. |
| 原文出处 | I predict that in the future, just as in the past, changes in public attitudes will be essential for changes in businesses’ environmental practices. |
| 同义替换 | 原词重现 |
| 此题重点 | 答案：NOT GIVEN 题目中提到的是more concern，’企业表现出更多的关注’，原文中提到了公众态度的转变对于企业的行为是至关重要的，但并没有提到企业的关注的变化，因此答案为NOT GIVEN |
Question 40（单选题）
| 关键词 | What would be the best subheading for this passage? |
| 原文出处 | To me, the conclusion that the public has the ultimate responsibility for the behaviour of even the biggest businesses is empowering and hopeful, rather than disappointing. |
| 同义替换 | 无 |
| 此题重点 | 答案：D 此题让同学们选出这篇文章最好的副标题，我们可以通过对之前题目的理解，用排除法选出答案，也可参考到最后一段的开头句，’是公众负有最终的责任’，D选项的反问句 ‘是大公司应该受到责备吗？’ 与此是相呼应的。 |
